Induced pluripotent stem CELLS (iPSCs) generated by ectopic expression of four transcription factors have great promises for regenerative medicine in humans. Since the initial report of iPSCs by viral transfection, ample efforts have been made in the generation of iPSCs through nonviral approaches. Small molecules offer the advantages of low cost without genomic modification and have been used to induce cell reprogramming for lineage transdifferentiation and for maintaining pluripotency of stem CELLS. Stem CELLS and cancer CELLS share many common features, implying that there are similar underlying mechanisms in their development. Chemicals that can activate common pathways in both cancer and stem CELLS may lead to interesting de-differentiation or trans-differentiation processes. We therefore investigated the possibility of reprogramming somatic CELLS with carcinogens at non-genotoxic levels. By in silico high-throughput screening of the Sigma-Aldrich’s inventory for cancer research, we identified 16 candidate chemicals and treated B6/129 mouse embryonic FIBROBLASTs (MEFs) at passage 3. The protocol was consisted of a 16-day treatment period followed by 5 days of recovery. From recovery day 2, colonies appeared at an efficiency of 0.02%. These colonies were positive for both alkaline phosphatase and surface specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) at a comparable level to those of mouse embryonic stem CELLS (ESCs). Global gene expression analysis with a 38K gene MEEBO microarray revealed that the induced colonies expressed 122 genes that are ESC-enriched, including down-regulated somatic markers and up-regulated stem cell markers. In conclusion, combined chemical treatments herein transdifferentiated or de-differentiated MEF to an intermediate state within the mesodermal lineages.

Introduction: ethanol consumption may impose cytotoxic effects on the human body, by producing toxic metabolites through different pathways. Furthermore, some studies have also linked alcohol consumption to various types of diseases. Therefore, this in vitro study is aimed to assess the ethanol toxic effects on the human FIBROBLASTic chromosome structure.Materials and Methods: G banding staining method was used to determine the karyotype of chromosomal abnormalities of cultured FIBROBLAST CELLS. Karyogram of ethanol-treated CELLS after 48 hours of incubation with 54 and 108 mmol of ethanol were assessed against the untreated cultured CELLS.Results: the comparison between two karyogram models confirmed that lower ethanol concentration (54mmol) caused breakage in chromosome type C and number 1, while with higher concentration (108mmol) breakage was observed in chromosome 9, chromatids as well as endoreplication in some other CELLS.Conclusion: this study indicates that specific concentrations of ethanol can cause vast alterations in chromosomal structure. Therefore, in general, more care is suggested in consuming this substance. In addition, to confirm the cytotoxic alterations in chromosomal structure in relation to alcohol consumption, using other cell lines and /or in vivo studies, more investigations are warrant.

Introduction: Ethanol known as ethyl alcohol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is primarily known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Its consumption is very high around the world. It has been reported that ethanol intake is associated with different diseases. Therefore, here in this study the effect of ethanol on human FIBROBLAST CELLS was investigated.Materials & Methods: We have carried out cell survival and morphologic studies via Invert Microscope and MTT assay methods to evaluate survival rate and morphological alterations of human FIBROBLAST CELLS treated with different concentrations of alcohol.Findings: Our findings suggested that ethanol could possibly change human FIBROBLAST CELLS morphology and survival rate after 48 h incubation. In addition to this, examining FIBROBLAST CELLS after 48 h culturing without ethanol showed the maintenance of these changes in next generation of the CELLS.Discussion & Conclusion: It can be concluded that ethanol can possibly cause genetic alterations of the human FIBROBLAST CELLS, so karyotype evaluations is required to determine these consequences.

Background: several studies have been performed on rapid wound healing. Because of minimal side effects of herbal drugs and role of FIBROBLAST CELLS in wound healing, in this study the effect of Scrophularia striata extract on human FIBROBLAST cell proliferation was evaluate.Material and methods: In this basic-applied study, Scrophularia striata seed extract was prepared by water based extraction methods. Foreskin FIBROBLAST (Ffk) CELLS, maintaining in DMEM culture medium supplemented with 10% FBS in a humidified incubator (37oC and 5% CO2) were used. 100000 Ffk CELLS per well were exposed to different concentrations of Scrophularia striata extract (1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 20 mg/ml) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. MTT assay was used to evaluate effects of extract on cell proliferation.Results: S. striata seed extract had stimulatory effects on human FIBROBLAST CELLS proliferation. Incubation time was effective on cell proliferation, so that cell proliferation was diminished with increasing incubation time.Conclusion: This study showed that different doses of S. striata seed extract has various effects on improvement of wound healing and anti-tumor activity. Further investigations are recommended to detect optimum dose and mode of clinical applications.

Background: There is a growing interest in understanding the biological effects of timetested folk medicinal plants including the green leafy vegetables, which supply minerals and vitamins to the diet. Trigonella foenum-graecum L (fenugreek) is a dietary vegetable and there are reports concerning its antinociceptive effects in Iranian traditional medicine. Its seeds are also known for their carminative, tonic, antidiabetic, antineoplastic and restorative properties. These reports and the hypoglycemic effect of fenugreek leaf extract encouraged us to assay fenugreek aqueous extract for cytotoxicity on NIH3T3 mouse FIBROBLAST CELLS.Methods: The NIH3T3 cell line was purchased from National Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran. The CELLS were plated in 24-well microtiter plates with DMEM+F12 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum supplemented with 445 mg/L Lglutamine and maintained at 37°C with 5% CO2/95% air. Following a 24-hr incubation period, various concentrations (0.01-20 mg) of the extract to the culture wells. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue and MTT assays after five days of incubation. Results: The results show that the IC50 of the fenugreek extract as calculated from the trypan blue and MTT assays were 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings, therefore, suggest that the aqueous extract of fenugreek is classified as nontoxic. This observed cytotoxicity is not specific and could be due to membrane disturbances.

2Introduction: FIBROBLAST-like synoviocytes (FLS), also known as synovial FIBROBLASTs or type B synoviocytes, are the primary CELLS responsible for the structure of the synovial lining. They are crucial for the formation of a healthy, organized synovial lining. In rheumatic synovium affected by inflammation, the typical three-layered synovial lining transforms into a pannus-like structure. Various pro-inflammatory conditions in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, characterized by elevated levels of cytokines, growth factors, and infiltration of inflammatory CELLS, strongly activate FLS CELLS. Moreover, environmental conditions in the joints of RA patients, such as high pressure and hypoxia, induce changes that further contribute to FLS activation and the development of aggressive characteristics. These changes include increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced cell migration, collectively referred to as a tumor-like phenotype. Additionally, FLS CELLS release inflammatory cytokines, amplifying inflammation and attracting immune CELLS to the joint. They also play a role in degrading the extracellular matrix and causing cartilage and bone damage through the production of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagenase, aggrecans, and cathepsins. Recent therapeutic approaches have been directed at targeting the signaling pathways that activate FLS CELLS and inhibiting factors and cytokines produced by these CELLS to alleviate inflammatory symptoms and reduce joint damage. It is anticipated that these treatment strategies will complement existing therapies in the near future. Conclusion: FLS CELLS are the main components of maintaining the health and nutrition of joints. These CELLS produce various cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic factors, as well as factors that contribute to the breakdown of matrix and cartilage. The main drivers of significant changes in inflamed joints are proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Treatment strategies have been developed to target the signaling pathways that activate these CELLS, with a focus on improving inflammatory symptoms. It is expected that these treatment strategies will be incorporated into existing therapies in the near future.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem CELLS conditioned medium on FIBROBLAST to myoFIBROBLAST differentiation. Background: Mesenchymal stem CELLS have a long-term clinical application and widely have used in autoimmune disease and regenerative medicine. However, some MSCs derived cytokines such as TGF-β could have a dual role in suppression or progression of disease. FIBROBLAST activation and extracellular matrix production are two key features of wound healing which mostly are controlled with multifunctional cytokine TGF-β 1. Methods: Bone marrow MSCs were isolated, cultured and used for conditioned medium preparation. The flow cytometry analysis was done for MSCs cell surface markers. MRC-5 subconfluent CELLS were starved with the medium containing 0. 5 % FBS for 24h, then treated with exogenous TGF-β 1 (10ng/ml as positive control) and MSCs-conditioned medium for 48h. Finally, the mRNA expression of three target genes: collagen I, collagen III and α-SMA were evaluated by RT-PCR technique. Results: Our findings demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem CELLS-conditioned medium (secretome) significantly upregulated type I and III collagen expression but non-significantly α-SMA gene expression. Conclusion: Totally, Real Time PCR results suggest that MSCs conditioned medium activates differentiation of FIBROBLAST to myoFIBROBLAST phenotype as confirmed through the presence of α-SMA, collagen I and collagen III expression compared to control in MRC 5 CELLS.

Background and Objective: Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is an important biomaterial in medical and dental applications. Due to low solubility of its particles, it has had little application in bone reformation. For this reason, nanohydroxyapatite (Nano-HA) with a higher surface area and higher solubility has attracted the attention of researchers as an effective strategy for bone grafting purposes. There have been controversies regarding biocompatibility of the latter particles. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the biocompatibility of nano-HA on L929 FIBROBLAST CELLS.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, nano-sized, rod- like hydroxyapatite particles sterilized, then L929 FIBROBLAST CELLS were cultured on 96-well plate. CELLS were exposed to nano-HA at the following concentrations: 15.75, 32, 65, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm. Later, for measuring the cell toxicity of the material, MTT method was utilized to measure the absorption, which evaluated the viability of the CELLS for each concentration and time point. The statistical ANOVA test was used in this study.Results: Results of this study showed that although cell viability decreased by increasing concentration and time but ANOVA analyze indicated that there was no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: The results indicate that “Nano-HA" biomaterial has acceptable compatibility with L929 FIBROBLAST CELLS.